1. anticodon - group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complimentary to an mRNA codon.
2. bacteriophage - virus that infects bacteria.
3. base pairing - principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine.
4. chromatin - granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.
5. codon - three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid.
6. differentiation - process in which cells become specialized in structure and function.
7. exon - expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein.
8. frameshift mutation - mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting of deleting a nucleotide.
9. gene - sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.
10. histone - protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin.
11. hox gene - series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo.
12. intron - sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein.
13. messenger RNA - (mRNA) - RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.
14. mutation - change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information.
15. nucleotide - monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
16. operator - region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off."
17. operon - group of genes operating together.
18. point mutation - gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.
19. polyploidy - condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.
20. promoter - region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA.
21. replication - copying process by which a cell duplicated its DNA.
22. ribosomal RNA - (rRNA) - type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes.
23. RNA polymerase - enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription.
24. transcription - process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA.
25. transfer RNA - (tRNA) - type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
26. transformation - process in which one strain of bacteria is changes by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.
27. translation - decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.
28. DNA polymerase - enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule.
2. bacteriophage - virus that infects bacteria.
3. base pairing - principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine.
4. chromatin - granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.
5. codon - three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid.
6. differentiation - process in which cells become specialized in structure and function.
7. exon - expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein.
8. frameshift mutation - mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting of deleting a nucleotide.
9. gene - sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.
10. histone - protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin.
11. hox gene - series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo.
12. intron - sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein.
13. messenger RNA - (mRNA) - RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.
14. mutation - change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information.
15. nucleotide - monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
16. operator - region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off."
17. operon - group of genes operating together.
18. point mutation - gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.
19. polyploidy - condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.
20. promoter - region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA.
21. replication - copying process by which a cell duplicated its DNA.
22. ribosomal RNA - (rRNA) - type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes.
23. RNA polymerase - enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription.
24. transcription - process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA.
25. transfer RNA - (tRNA) - type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
26. transformation - process in which one strain of bacteria is changes by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.
27. translation - decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.
28. DNA polymerase - enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule.